xy = cos (x + y) AND OTHER EQUATIONS THAT ARE SURPRISINGLY EASY TO PLOT

BY MICHAEL JEWESS

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This work was published in Mathematical Gazette, 2024, 108, 1-11, open access doi https://doi.org/10.1017/mag.2024.2.

Abstract

The equation xy = cos (x + y) at first sight looks as if it would be exceptionally tedious to plot without a computer, and indeed was specifically once stated to be “impossible to solve ... in any effective sense”.  It is indeed not soluble in any closed form but it is parametrisable so that it could have be plotted without the use of a computer* when the latter were generally unavailable (before ca 1950) or inconvenient to use (up to the mid-1970s).  This is a member of a substantial class of equations that can be plotted likewise:

 

f(x, y) = S(g(x, y)), where

 

(i) S does not include any non-elementary functions; and

 

(ii) f and g are such that the simultaneous equations f(x, y) = P2 and g(x, y) = P1 can be solved for x and y in terms of P1 and P2 without use of non-elementary functions, iterative numerical methods, or graphical methods.

 

* eg using a hand-cranked four-function calculator and mathematical tables       

 

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